Roughly 900 persons who were treated with Peteosthor as children or adults during the period 19461951 have been followed by Spiess and colleagues8486 for more than 30 yr and have shown a variety of effects, the best known of which is bone cancer. This trend was subsequently verified by Polednak57 for bone tumors in a larger, all female group of radium-dial workers. Calcium can accumulate in the arterial plaque that develops after an injury to the vessel wall. Similarly, there were six leukemias in the exposed group versus five in the control group. Similarly, only one death attributable to diseases of the blood, acquired hemolytic anemia, was found for a person with a very low radium intake. When the radiogenic risk functions (I At the low exposures that occur environmentally and occupationally, exposure to radium isotopes causes only a small contribution to overall mortality and would not be expected to perturb mortality sufficiently to distort the normal mortality statistics. Twenty-eight towns met the three criteria for the second study: a population between 1,000 and 10,000, water is obtained solely from wells greater than 500 ft (152 m) deep, and no water softening. why does radium accumulate in bones? as result of the local effects of the radon . When radium levels in urine and feces are measured, by far the largest amount is found in the feces. The remaining two cases were aplastic anemias; these latter two cases and one of the CML cases were not available for study, and hence no measurements of radium content in the workers' bodies were available. 1978. The outcome of the analyses of Rowland and colleagues was the same whether intake or average skeletal dose was employed, and for comparison with the work of Evans and Mays and their coworkers, analyses based on average skeletal dose will be used for illustration. For female radium-dial workers first employed before 1930, the only acceptable fit to the data on bone sarcomas per person-year at risk was provided by the functional form (C + D2) exp(-D), which was obtained from the more general expression by setting = 0. In addition, blood vessel cells themselves sometimes convert into bone-forming osteoblasts, producing extra calcium on the spot. . As revealed by animal experiments and clearly detailed by metabolic models, alkaline earth elements deposit first on bone surfaces and then within the volume of bone. In this analysis, there were one or more tumors in the six intake groups with intakes above 25 Ci and no tumors observed in groups with intakes below 25 Ci. For exposure at environmental levels, the distinction between hot spots and diffuse radioactivity is reduced or removed altogether. For the sinuses alone, the distribution of types is 40% epidermoid, 40% mucoepidermoid, and 20% adenocarcinoma, compared with 37, 0, and 24%, respectively, of naturally occurring carcinomas in the ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses.4 Among all microscopically confirmed carcinomas with known specific cell type in the nasal cavities, sinuses and ear listed in the National Cancer Institute SEER report,52 75% were epidermoid, 1.6% were mucoepidermoid, and 7% were adenocarcinoma. 1978. In summary, the evidence indicates that acquisition of very high levels of radium, leading to long-term body contents of the order of 5 Ci or more, equivalent to systemic intakes of the order of several hundred microcuries, resulted in severe anemias and aleukemias.

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